(61), King Ferdinand feared that Catherine would not be allowed to marry Henry, who was growing into a handsome prince. He appears to have been the son of an Oxford tradesman. Lord Stanley's reply was short: "Sire, I have other sons." Horrox, Rosemary. The king then sent a message to Lord Stanley threatening to execute his son unless he immediately sent his troops to join the king on Ambien Hill. He also brought with him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons. When he defeated and captured a second and far more dangerous pretender, Perkin Warbeck, he spared his life, and it was only after Warbeck had twice tried to escape that he was executed. He then proceeded to fine all those involved in the rebellion. The Earl of Lincoln was killed during the battle and Lambert Simnel was captured. Lambert Simnel was presented as the Earl of Warwick, Richard III's nephew. For the king it was all or nothing.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',129,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-3-0'); The first initial problem Henry had was one he inherited from Richard III the Princes in the Tower. Viceroys of Ireland, History: John T. Gilbert. Learn more The Teaching with Primary Sources Partner Program. The expedition was funded by the French and most of the troops were French mercenaries. Mrs Nicholsons recollections of her tour among the peasantry are still revealing and gripping today. Imprisoned in the Tower, he was hanged as a commoner on 23 November 1499. De Puebla's despatches, naturally, are steeped in diplomatic discretion and do not tell us all they might. Also available online - free - from The Online Library of Liberty. Hans Holbein and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon (Answer Commentary), Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves (Answer Commentary), Was Queen Catherine Howard guilty of treason? Nearly every summer they were hit by epidemics of the Plague or Sweating Sickness which killed many of the population and improved the standard of living of the survivors, as the shortage of tenants and agricultural labourers kept rents low and wages high. As he was 46 years-old and in poor health, this idea was rejected and on 23rd June 1503, he signed a new treaty betrothing Catherine to Henry, his only surviving son, then aged twelve. (29)Perkin Warbeck decided to take advantage on the Cornish rebellion by landing in Whitesand Bay on 7th September. Simnel Rebellion 1932 Election 1988 Presidential Election American Photography Anaconda Plan Anti-Immigration Policies Anti-Imperialist League Anti-War Movement Antietam Art Deco Architecture Assassination of JFK Bacon's Rebellion Baltimore Riot 1861 Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Gettysburg Battle of Little Bighorn Battle of Shiloh Lambert Simnel Perkin Warbeck Prince Arthur & Catherine of Aragon Richard Empson & Edmund Dudley Catherine of Aragon Primary Sources Student Activities References Henry Tudor, the second son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond and Margaret Beaufort, was born in Pembroke Castle on 28th January 1457. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. He proclaimed himself Richard III and imprisoned the Princes in the Tower, where, almost certainly, he had them murdered. (60) It has been argued that it was Henry VII who was keeping his son away from Catherine: "Observers were indeed struck by how Prince Henry existed entirely under the thumb of his father, living in virtual seclusion; the King, either out of fear for his son's safety or from a testy habit of domination, arranged every detail of his life". This included being sent to Vienna to meet Emperor Maximilian. Backed by several thousand Irish troops in addition to Margaret's mercenaries, Simnel and his patrons landed at Foulney Island on the Cumbrian coast on 4 June and marched across northern Lancashire, over the Pennines and rapidly southwards, gathering support from Ricardian die-hards. As David Loades points out: "The marriage of a ruler was the highest level of the matrimonial game, and carried the biggest stakes, but it was not the only level. Throughout his life he seems to have had no intimate friends except possibly Cardinal Morton, who has left nothing in writing, and (curiously enough) de Puebla, the Spanish Ambassador, who played a double game and was not over-loyal to his own master. In 2006 Steeleye Span's album Bloody Men included a song, The Story of the Scullion King, about Simnel. Richard, because he expected victory, received Henry with great courage Henry's army were now almost out of hope of victory, when William Stanley with three thousand men came to the rescue Richard's army fled, and King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies. (39)Catherine of Aragon arrived in England on 2nd October 1501. (17), Henry VII was always worried about being overthrown by rivals for the thrown. Margaret was married to Charles the Bold and was the sister of Edward IV and Richard III. Lambert Simnel, a boy of ten, was used by others to reassert the House of Yorks claim to the throne. Ninety per cent of the population lived in villages and on the farms in the countryside. (9)Richard sent an order to Lord Thomas Stanley and Sir William Stanley, two of the most powerful men in England, to bring their 6,000 soldiers to fight for the king. Her knowledge of English was still imperfect in 1505, which upset both Ferdinand of Aragon and Henry VII, who reduced her allowance. The pretender to the throne received support from the Duchess of Burgundy the daughter of Edward IV. (28)Henry VII sent a force of archers and cavalry round the back of the rebels. (6) Negotiations took place and in December 1483, Henry took an oath in Rennes Cathedral to marry Elizabeth of York were he to be successful in making himself king of England. Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell, Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking, Hans Holbein's Art and Religious Propaganda. Catherine was also encouraged to learn French as very few people in the English court spoke Spanish or Latin. The Spanish ambassador, Roderigo de Puebla, standing proxy for the bride. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_18',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_19',116,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1'); .large-mobile-banner-1-multi-116{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. (14), Francis Bacon has suggested that Henry's "aversion toward the house of York was so predominant in him as it found place not only in his wars and councils, but in his chamber and bed". (14281471) magnate, See all related overviews in Oxford Reference What happened to Lamont Young? Let it be hastened, that the love conceived between us and the wished-for joys may reap their proper fruit." A Study in Catholic Propaganda. On the way, Richard tried to recruit as many men as possible to fight in his army, but by the time he reached Leicester he only had an army of 6,000 men. During his reign Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley became the king's most trusted ministers. (52)Henry VII, by unknown artist (1505)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_21',704,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0');Henry VII was careful in the selection of his key officials. As Puebla explained to Henry: "Bearing in mind what happens every day to the kings of England, it is surprising that Ferdinand and Isabella should dare think of giving their daughter at all." [5] This did not prevent the rebellion, likely because insufficient infrastructure and methods of transport meant news spread slowly. And then a convenient figurehead appeared. Henry Tudor was soon separated from his mother as Edward IV decided that he wanted him live with Lord William Herbert, his leading supporter in Wales. (18), In February 1487 Lambert Simnel appeared in Dublin and claimed to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son and heir of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV, and the last surviving male of the House of York. When he grew older, he became a falconer. Oxford University Press, 2004. Fifty thousand people lived in the capital city, London. He also brought with him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons. The treaty also contained an agreement that, as the parties were related, the signatories bound themselves to obtain the necessary dispensation from Rome. There were a number of people who claimed, after Richard had died, to be one of the Princes in the Tower, the most famous being Perkin Warbeck, who fought Henry VII for the throne. The Lambert Simnel Rebellion. Richard refused, claiming that he could still obtain victory by killing Henry Tudor in personal combat. It was allied to great patience and great industry. In 1487, his claim to be Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, threatened the newly established reign of Henry VII (1485-1509). Shaped by the primary sources available in the Library's online collections. (59)Catherine was allocated Durham House in London. He was lodged in the Castle, every deference was paid to him, and messengers were despatched to the friends of the House of York in England, and to the Dowager Duchess of Burgundy, his supposed aunt. The rebellion was crushed in 1487. "It was said the English vice was overeating, as the German vice was drunkenness and the French vice lechery." At the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4th May 1471 Margaret of Anjou was captured and her thirteen-year-old son, Edward of Westminster killed. Lambert Simnel was treated more kindly. This again failed and, forced to flee with only 120 men remaining, Warbeck made one last, desperate landing in Cornwall in England. Henry had an unexpected trump card in his hand with which to defeat Simnel. At the age of 10, Perkin was learning Dutch, and then he learned from various masters before finding employment with John Strewe, an English merchant. The parliament which met on 7th November asserted the legitimacy of Henry's title and annulled the instrument embodying Richard III's title to the throne. Twenty eight of them were attainted and had their estates confiscated. The King believed, as did most other people, that Arthur had been over-exerting himself in the marriage bed." (15). The siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated." Lincoln went to Burgundy, where Margaret of York, the aunt of the real Earl of Warwick, was staying. (33), Puebla reported that Arthur had "many excellent qualities". (24)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_11',550,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');Perkin WarbeckWhile visiting Cork in December 1491 Perkin Warbeck was persuaded to impersonate Richard, Duke of York, second son of Edward IV, who had disappeared eight years earlier together with his elder brother, Edward. A daughter, particularly, might undergo half a dozen betrothals in the interests of shifting policies before her destiny eventually caught up with her." A Study in Catholic Propaganda (Answer Commentary), Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? (27)Henry VII decided he would need to impose a new tax to pay the cost of raising an army. England 1485 1558: the Early Tudors (A/S). Contemporary sources claim that "she was also on the plump side - but then a pleasant roundness in youth was considered to be desirable at this period, a pointer to future fertility". But they do not make a king seem a dashing or a glamorous figure. When Henry VII heard what was happening he began to plan an invasion of Scotland. The four armies now made up the four sides of a square.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_8',136,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_9',136,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0_1');.banner-1-multi-136{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}, Without the support of the Stanley brothers, Richard looked certain to be defeated. The sea-crossing was terrible: a violent storm blew up in the Bay of Biscay, and the ship was tossed about for several days in rough seas and the captain was forced to return to Spain. In order to persuade him to change his mind, Richard arranged for Lord Stanley's eldest son to be kidnapped. It was allied to great patience and great industry. The logic behind this was to get the former rebels onto his side. Henry VII had won the throne by conquest. In i486, the year following the accession of Henry VII., rumours were disseminated by the adherents of the Yorkist dynasty that the two . While on paper the challenge seemed absurd, it was one that Henry VII had to deal with especially when the Earl of Lincoln rallied to the cause and fled via Flanders to Ireland also in May 1487. In the 1972 BBC serial The Shadow of the Tower, Simnel was portrayed by Gary Warren. 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