At present I am a Read More. [4], The hogon is central to a wide range of fertility and marriage rituals, which are closely related to Dogon origin myths. His saliva is the source of the life-giving humidity, and his foot must not touch the earth directly or the ground will dry up. Village population size ranges from from 27 to 476 inhabitants (an average of 160); villagers are housed in 7 to 135 buildings (an average of 44). Similarly each village may have their own way of performing the dama rituals. The most ancient dialects are dyamsay and tombo, the former being most frequently used for traditional prayers and ritual chants. In a recent overview of the NigerCongo family, Dogon is treated as an independent branch.[3]. The Dogon are a wonderful and unique culture. The smallest country of mainland Africa, this small nation can seem quite unremarkable at first glance, being confined only to the length of the Gambia River and Shambhala, which is a Sanskrit word meaning place of peace or place of silence, is a mythical paradise spoken of in ancient texts, including the Kalachakra Tantra and the ancient scriptures of the Zhang Zhung culture which predated Tibetan Buddhism in western Tibet. African art and culture had been a driving inspiration to European modern artists like Pablo Picasso, Paul Gauguin, and Amedeo Modigliani, among others. Following the birth of the child, the couple moves into an unoccupied dwelling in the husband's village and quarter. 'We have in the Dogon information a predictive mechanism which it is our duty to test, regardless of our preconceptions.' Today, at least 35% of the Dogon practice Islam. "hogon | African religious leader | Britannica", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hogon&oldid=1122616271, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 November 2022, at 14:57. [41] They reported that the Dogon believe that the brightest star in the night sky, Sirius (Sigi Tolo or "star of the Sigui"[42]), has two companion stars, P Tolo (the Digitaria star), and mm ya tolo, (the female Sorghum star), respectively the first and second companions of Sirius A. Although inheritance today is strictly patrilineal, formerly there was a tradition of matrilineal inheritance (by sister's son). Once in every sixty yearsroughly within a Dogon's life spana major Sigi (Sigu) ceremony takes place. ETHNONYMS: Kareang, Kariang, Kayin, Pwo, Sgaw, Yang They chose to migrate to the area, refusing to convert to Islam, and they still remain fiercely protective of their culture. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The binou, which is usually in animal form serves as a representation of the ancestor. Associated with regeneration Kinship Terminology. 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The private property of a woman goes first to her daughter, then to the youngest sister. The Mali landscape around Dogon (Spooner, J / CC BY 2.0 ). The traditional dama consists of a masquerade intended to lead the souls of the departed to their final resting places, through a series of ritual dances and rites. Social stratification among the Dogon is similar in many respects to that found in other societies in West Africa. Was this German silver mine really defended by two Roman forts and a line of "spike defenses? Because of his solitary state, the first son of God acted as he did. However I am astonished you can write this article and encourage people to visit with no reference to recent history and the significant insecurity and frequent killings in the area. Afterwards, the boys stay for a few days in a hut separated from the rest of the village people, until the wounds have healed. This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 14:24. (2008). Interest in other seemingly falsifiable claims, namely concerning a red dwarf star orbiting around Sirius (not hypothesized until the 1950s), led him to entertain a previous challenge by Temple, asserting that "Temple offered another line of reasoning. Dogon art revolves around religious values, ideals, and freedoms (Laude, 19). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It seems likely that the Dogon people are an amalgamation of several groups who resisted Islamization. "The dual soul is a danger; a man should be male, and a woman female. The escarpment is rich in archaeological discoveries both from the Dogon and the earlier Tellem society. Until the masqueraders have completed their dances, and every ritual has been performed, any misfortune can be blamed on the remaining spirits of the dead (Davis, 68). There are three principal This is manifested through the cult of the masks, the Lebe cult, the Binu cult, and the more general cult of the ancestors associated with the ginna. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie. [37] Women have no right to learn Sigui So. This problem has been solved! The key spiritual figures in the religion were the Nummo/Nommo twins. Other crops include sesame, maize, It is advisable to hire a guide with a car as the area is remote. Orientation, Kota Clusters of from 5 to 6 of these villages center around water holes or wells, and each cluster is referred to as a "canton" or "district." . Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. He has an armband with a sacred pearl that symbolises his function. Other authors have argued that previous 20th-century European visitors to the Dogon are a far more plausible source of such information and dispute whether Griaule's account accurately describes Dogon myths at all. For instance, in one of their most important rituals, the women praise the men, the men thank the women, the young express appreciation for the old, and the old recognize the contributions of the young. Economically, the Dogon are no longer as dependent on agriculture as in the past. He is in effect a priest (hogon ), who exercises ceremonial functions on behalf of the lineage, and, in conjunction with a council of elders, judicial functions as well. Unlike norms for the rest of society, parallel-cousin marriage is allowed within castes. [47][48] In a 1991 article in Current Anthropology, anthropologist Wouter van Beek concluded after his research among the Dogon that, "Though they do speak about Sigu Tolo [which is what Griaule claimed the Dogon called Sirius] they disagree completely with each other as to which star is meant; for some it is an invisible star that should rise to announce the sigu [festival], for another it is Venus that, through a different position, appears as Sigu Tolo. Heaven on Earth? WebDogon or Tellem peoples (?) Updates? 35 Issue 2. The designation "Naga" is applied to the numerous Indo-Mongoloid tribes living in the hill country at the, Chin Socialization. [6][7] Archaeological and ethnoarchaeological studies in the Dogon region have been especially revealing about the settlement and environmental history, and about social practices and technologies in this area over several thousands of years. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. Erosion of the sandstone has left a number of remarkable features, such as caves, rock shelters, and dunes. Such jihads caused the Dogon to abandon their original villages and moved up to the cliffs of Bandiagara for better defense and to escape persecutionoften building their dwellings in little nooks and crannies.[15][17]. During the yincomoli ceremony, a gourd is smashed over the deceased's wooden bowl, hoe, and bundukamba (burial blanket). During this time, new masks are carved and dedicated to their ancestors. Masked dances and masquerades at funerals are a feature of their culture for which they are well known. Some of the most beautiful sights to see in China are the classical Suzhou gardens. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. This chief head is the oldest living son of the ancestor of the local branch of the family. They were, however, frequently raided by local Muslims who killed the men and enslaved the women and children. ); Brooklyn Museum (New York City), Female or male figure; probably early 17th century; 40.0 x 7.3 x 7.8cm (1534 x 2 7/8 x 3 in. In the shadowy world of ancient warfare, one weapon stood out as a true marvel: Greek fire. Then the Dogon who has entered the contact repeats the ritual, asking the resident how his or her whole family is. This chief head is the oldest living son of the ancestor of the local branch of the family. Articulo-Journal of Urban Research, (4), Available at: https://journals.openedition.org/articulo/417, My name is Edward Whelan and I graduated with a PhD in history in 2008. The hogon is assisted in office by a sacrificial totem priest (yebene ), three bodyguards or policemen, a public crier or herald, and an ambassador who deals with other districts. WebMost Dogon sculptures are carved for personal or family use, to commemorate the founding of a community, or for community worship. The first occurs immediately after the death of a person, and the second can occur years after the death. They call themselves "Dogon" or "Dogom," but in the older literature they are referred to as "Habbe" (sing. Minor regional dialectal differences exist. Palau Marti, Montserrat (1957). WebThe Dogon are ethnic group from the Central plateau region of Mali, located in West Africa. The Kanaga masqueraders, at one point, dance and sit next to the bundkamba, which represents the deceased. The wet season begins in June and continues through October, with cool and hot dry seasons the remainder of the year. [24] (Originally, for the Dogon, man was endowed with a dual soul. The extensive escarpment runs for over 93 miles (150 km) and it is between 300 and 900 feet (100 - 500 meters) high. Prior to the birth of the first child, the wife lives at the home of her parents, while her husband continues to reside in the bachelor quarters where he has lived from the age of 8 to 10. WebThe social and cultural traditions of the Dogon are among the best preserved of sub-saharan Africa, despite certain important irreversible socio-economic mutations. Dogon funeral rituals come in two parts. Another example is the custom of elaborate greetings whenever one Dogon meets another. These are two story building with separate areas for men and women. All agree, however, that they learned about the star from Griaule. And then there are special sites such as this, which boast all these features. Striking totem sanctuaries, typically overseen by the Hogon, play an important part in the life of the people in the escarpment, but theyre also much in demand by collectors as the Dogon are famous for their sculptures of stylized representations of human or mythical figures. The Niger River is nearby and in the sandstone rock, a rivulet runs at the foot of the cliff at the lowest point of the area during the wet season. Here goods are exchanged not only between neighboring Dogon villages, but also between the Dogon and neighboring groups such as the Fulani and Dyula. [citation needed] Divorce is more common in polygynous marriages than in monogamous marriages. Starting in the northeastern part of Dogon territory, each village takes turns celebrating and hosting elaborate feasts, ceremonies, and festivities. The concept of death and rebirth is also contained within Dogon mythology. WebThe past century has seen significant changes in the social organization, material culture and beliefs of the Dogon, partly because Dogon country is one of Mali's major tourist attractions. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Other fauna include crocodiles (in the swampy areas on the plain), reptiles, monkeys, guenons, guinea hens, hyenas, foxes, panthers, rabbits, and small rodents. WebI have learned that within in the Dogon Culture, Hogon is considered to both a political and spiritual leader to the people of Mali in West Africa. The Dogon believes that the sacred serpent Lebe comes during the night to purify him and communicate wisdom to him. All of the men in his age-set live together in a due until they marry and have children. [5], The hogon may conduct rituals in the Sanctuaire de Binou, a special building the door of which is blocked with rocks. Some tenets of Islam have been accepted, others rejected; in many cases, the new elements are blended with those of the traditional religion. Historically, Dogon villages were established in the Bandiagara area a thousand years ago because the people collectively refused to convert to Islam and retreated from areas controlled by Muslims.[5]. Another minority practices Christianity. While digging at a site called Pakaytambo in the southern Peru highlands, anthropologists and archaeologists from the University of IllinoisChicago (UIC) unearthed an ancient Wari ritual complex that was approximately 1,200 years old. At this time, new masks are carved and dedicated to the ancestors. Villages usually contain a single localized lineage whose dwellings are grouped around the "great house" (ginna ) of the head. [26], Because of the birth of the single-sexed male Jackal, who was born without a soul, all humans eventually had to be turned into single-sexed beings. Every Dogon village or clan has its own totem. It contained only about a quarter of the full vocabulary of "Dogo so", the Dogon language. On average, a village contains around 44 houses organized around the 'ginna', or head man's house. An enlarged family can count up to a hundred persons and is called guinna. In addition to agriculture, the women gather wild fruits, tubers, nuts, and honey in the bush outside of village borders. The yingim and the danyim rituals each last a few days. From 1931 to 1956, Griaule studied the Dogon in field missions ranging from several days to two months in 1931, 1935, 1937 and 1938[39] and then annually from 1946 until 1956. [2], The hogon has a key role in village rituals and in ensuring fertility[3] and germination. Until the dama is completed, the soul of the deceased wanders on the southern outskirts of the village, sometimes in the bush or around its former dwelling. Within Dogon culture, an individuals status is determined by position within a family group according to rules of descent and age. Within the castes, marriage regulations are more permissive: even first-cousin marriages are permitted. Houses may never be sold because the sites on which they stand belongs to the descendants of the old inhabitants, who have control over who occupies the house. WebThe Dogon are renowned for their attachment to African Culture and traditions, and in Mali, I have witnessed many difficult mental illnesses being cured by Dogon healers, called the Hogon, which is the name for the Dogon priest. The Dogon are an ethnic group indigenous to the central plateau region of Mali, in West Africa, south of the Niger bend, near the city of Bandiagara, and in Burkina Faso.The population numbers between 400,000 and 800,000. There are at least five distinct groups of dialects. Most young men leave their villages to seek jobs in the cities of Mali and on the Ivory Coast; most of their earnings are sent home to their families. Domestic slavery existed before colonization but is now forbidden by law. The household is usually an extended family consisting of both nuclear and polygynous units. [11] They also believe in ancestral spirits such as the Serpent Ancestor Lebe, and the "Water Spirits" Nommo. There is no indigenous political integration above the local (village) or district level. This custom is repeated over and over, throughout a Dogon village, all day. The name of the country was changed to "French Sudan," and French administrators levied taxes and introduced currency reforms (e.g., French francs to replace the native cowrie shells). Les dogon. Kin Groups and Descent. Animals are kept more as a symbol of wealth and prestige than for economic necessity. The development of tourism in the Dogon Country and the Hombori Mountains (Mali) . Within Dogon culture, an individuals status is determined by position within a family group according to rules of descent and age. Age stratification in the form of age brotherhoods is also recognized by the Dogon; the age brotherhood (tumo ) figures primarily in the batono rite during the annual sowing festival. The ritual language, "Sigi so" or "language of the Sigui", which was taught to male dignitaries of the Society of the Masks ("awa"), was considered a poor language. "Mythes et organisation sociale au Soudan franais". This leads linguists to conclude that Dogon is likely to have diverged from NigerCongo very early.[when?] The answer is sewa, which means that everything is fine. Orientation The 'Awa' is characterized by the intricate masks worn by members during rituals. Gathering activities involve the collecting of wild fruits, nuts and berries, various seeds, leaves, tubers and roots, and honey. Beierle, John "Dogon Marriage into the occupational castessuch as that of blacksmithsis strongly prohibited. Of the native fauna in the region, large carnivores and ruminants have become rare, with only a few medium-sized mammals being found in the cliffs. Dogon has been frequently referred to as a single language. Demography. Linguistic Affiliation. Ciarcia, Gaetano "Dogons et Dogon. Current Anthropology, Vol. 32, No. Ancient Chinese Earthquake Detector Invented 2,000 Years Ago Really Worked! It is generally accepted that the Dogon language belongs to the NigerCongo language family, though the evidence is weak. The authority of the household unit is vested in the father, who controls both the economic and ceremonial functions of the family and demands unquestioning obedience from his offspring. The ceremony originally honored the dead ancestors but is now for the living; it serves to halt the gradual cultural decline in Dogon society and to cleanse the community of its sins and bad feelings. In the past the Dogon were considered a warlike people; they often fought with other Dogon districts as well as with their non-Dogon neighbors such as the Fulani. They are Nommo, the "son of Amma," generally considered a water spirit; Lebe, the incarnation of the earth and its fertilizing properties; and Yurugu, the mythical representative of fallen man. Monogamy is the major form of marriage, although nonsororal polygyny with a limit of two wives is permitted. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Also regional and dialect group names: Chinbok, Chinbon, Dai, Kuku, Lai (s, Karen In addition, men tend the livestock, hunt, and clear and fertilize the fields, whereas women collaborate in sowing, weeding, and harvesting the grain and in raising seasonal crops such as onions. The problem of "twin births" versus "single births", or androgyny versus single-sexed beings, was said to contribute to a disorder at the beginning of time. ETHNONYM: Panjabi What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? Expert Answer Introduction. The Dogon are a group of about 250,000 people who live primarily in the districts of Bandiagara and Douentza in the western African nation of Mali. The heavenly Powers themselves were dual, and in their Earthly manifestations they constantly intervened in pairs[28]. Conflict. During the colonization of Mali by the French, the inhabitants of the escarpment were able to use caves and tunnels to avoid the Europeans and were able to preserve their way of life. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. In general, Dogon kinship terminology is characterized by a classificatory system of "vocatives," terms of reference based on politeness and respective age of the interlocutor, and a descriptive system expressed by "determinatives," by means of which a third person is apprised of the relationship that exists between the speaker and the individual addressed. [citation needed] The selection of a wife is carried out by the man's parents. Today, at least 35% of the Dogon practice Islam. The Dogon language is classified within the Voltaic (or Gur) Subfamily of the Niger-Congo Language Family. Although the Dogon recognize the creator god Amma as the Supreme Being and address prayers and sacrifices to him, the core set of beliefs and practices focuses on ancestor worship. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dogon, Beierle, John "Dogon . [8][9][10], Over time, the Dogon moved north along the escarpment, arriving in the Sanga region in the 15th century. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. A few villages also keep bees. ); Brooklyn Museum, Sculpture, probably an ancestor figure; 17th18th century; wood; height: 59cm (23 in. Another 10% practices Christianity. Dogon art consists primarily of sculptures. Dogon society is composed of several different sects: Villages are built along escarpments and near a source of water. Morton, Robert (ed.) The masqueraders dance on the rooftops of the deceased's compound, throughout the village, and in the area of fields around the village (Davis, 68). A secret language known as sigi so is used by members of the men's society (awa ) in connection with religious rites. Signs of other contacts and origins are evident in Dogon art. This led Mr. Temple to establish the theory that, according to Nommos, extraterrestrial inhabitants of Sirius travelled towards the earth at some point in the distant past, and one crossed to teach the old civilizations (the Egyptians and the Dogons) their [2] They speak the Dogon languages, which are considered to constitute an independent branch of the NigerCongo language family, meaning that they are not closely related to any other languages. The sacred serpent Lebe comes during the yincomoli ceremony, a village around... And honey areas for men and enslaved the women gather wild fruits, tubers, nuts and berries, seeds! Asking the resident how his or her whole family is wife is out! Escarpment is rich in archaeological discoveries both from the article title Mountains ( Mali ) [ 28 ] spana Sigi! The occupational castessuch as that of blacksmithsis strongly prohibited concept of death and rebirth is also within! 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