The river colors and widths correspond to the relative lengths of river segments. Watersheds come in all shapes and sizes, and they all have important roles in the landscape. *A streams flow regime refers to its characteristic pattern of flow magnitude, timing, frequency, duration, and rate of change. These smaller bodies of water flow into larger ones, including lakes, bays, and oceans. . The upper Mississippi reach extends from St. Paul to the mouth of the Missouri River near St. Louis, Missouri. While its difficult to put an exact value to every ecosystem function and service, some estimate the cost of ecosystem losses between $4.3 trillion and $20.2 trillion per year (Costanza et al., 2014). 34. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) launched the Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative (MRBI) in 2009. Based on the positions of landscape features in my watershed model, I predict there will be, watersheds located in the middle,bottom and upper left and bottom and upper right (will be, slopes that will allow the water to run off and gather in. Which States Have the Highest Percentage of Water Area. Water use by people: Uses of a stream might range from a few homeowners and businesses pumping small amounts of water to irrigate their lawns to large amounts of water withdrawals for irrigation, industries, mining, and to supply populations with drinking water. Soils and Watersheds Lab Report Instructions: In this lab activity, you will design a watershed model that Cattle in pastures often have direct access Place the paper on top of the newspaper on the counter, and then lightly mist the piece, of paper with the spray bottle. A watershed is an area of land that drains rainfall and snowmelt into streams and rivers. The great majority of these involve pollution sources in their watersheds the land area that surrounds and drains into these waters. A watershed is the land area from which surface water drains into a common stream channel, lake, reservoir, or other body of water. Effective protection of aquatic ecosystems recognizes their connectivity with each other and with their surrounding watersheds. Despite this laws many pollution control successes, tens of thousands of streams, rivers and lakes have been reported as still impaired. At this point, it becomes part of the Upper Mississippi River System, a dynamic, large floodplain river ecosystem. Within watersheds, much of the water transported from high to low elevations is carried through streams and rivers. Approaches used at state and local level could be either. 25-61-19, Watersheds: Role, Importance, & Stewardship. The extent of the watershed reaches 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. A healthy watershed is one in which natural land cover supports: A healthy watershed has the structure and function in place to support healthy aquatic ecosystems. You can help protect your watershed by integrating good management practices at home and in your community. Climate, geology, topography, hydrology, soils, land use and other factors influence watersheds and the streams that flow through them. Releasing even a few carp into a body of water can become a huge problem. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. This has the dubious benefit of making the U.S. system the longest, allowing cartographers to put it in the prime spot at the far left of the rivers. From pioneering the use of solar energy to helping to eradicating disease, here are just a few ways the 39th U.S. president has made the world a better place. Then if it rained one inch, all of that rain would fall on the plastic, run downslope into gulleys and small creeks and then drain into main stream. Other precipitation ends up on hard surfaces such as roads and parking lots, from which it may enter storm drains that feed into streams. Streets and pavement! Several states have developed statewide assessments of their healthy watersheds on their own over the past decade. These dynamics between the land and the water largely determine the health of our waterways and the types of aquatic life found in a particular area. Which of the following would decrease the impact from urbanization? A very wide range of activities could be called healthy watersheds protection. The watershed consists of surface water--lakes, streams, reservoirs, and wetlands--and all the underlying groundwater. In essence, we have and are effectively eliminating the skilled labor we need to treat our forests and put unemployed Americans back to work. At home, it is important to reduce pollution, protect against floods, and conserve water (Mississippi Water Resources Research Institute, Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, & MSU Landscape Architecture, 2013b). Heres why each season begins twice. Bats and agaves make tequila possibleand theyre both at risk, The new year once started in Marchhere's why, Jimmy Carter on the greatest challenges of the 21st century, This ancient Greek warship ruled the Mediterranean, 3 ways Jimmy Carter changed the world for the better, The meaning of the cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. The Mississippi River is impressive on its own, but when you consider all the other rivers that feed it on its way to the Gulf of Mexico, it seems all the mightier. Annotation: Report Number EPA 841-R-08-001, United States Environmental Protection Agency. The National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress documented that the leading causes of impairment to rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs are pathogens, habitat alterations, and toxins and pollutants in the water. For example, in Figure 1, the smaller-component watersheds eventually drain into the Mississippi River; collectively, they are known as the Mississippi River Basin. Social vs. medical egg freezing: Whats the difference? Nearly 40% of fish in North American freshwater streams, rivers and lakes are found to be vulnerable, threatened or endangered; nearly twice as many as were included on the imperiled list from a similar survey conducted in 1989 (Jelks et al., 2008). At New Orleans the river flows at about three miles per . The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. Upper/Lower Red Lake. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. What is a watershed? Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio, Photograph from David Rumsey Map Collection, One of Earth's loneliest volcanoes holds an extraordinary secret. Biological, physical, and chemical processes occurring within watersheds provide critical ecosystem functions and services that support plants and animals, including humans. Key components of a healthy watershed include: You may potentially benefit from healthy watersheds in numerous ways, generally unseen and unrecognized by the average citizen: After decades of focusing almost exclusively on restoring impaired waters, EPA created the Healthy Watersheds Program (HWP) to bring more emphasis to proactively protecting high quality waters, following the Clean Water Act (CWA)'s objectiveto restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nations waters. The HWP takes a non-regulatory, collaborative approach to maintaining clean waters by supporting EPA and its partners in their efforts to identify, assessand protectwatershed health through Clean Water Act programs. Ecology (Second). Transpiration is controlled by the same factors as evaporation, and by the characteristics and density of the vegetation. The. Please click here to see any active alerts. Rain that falls on land flows to lower elevations and toward a common body of water; the rain transports with it many particulates and pollutants from the land. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002, Ecosystems and human well-being. When the water was sprayed on the top of the hill it began to drain down and created a pool where the paper was lower as it would in lower altitude places. Additionally, protecting healthy watersheds an generate revenue through property value premiums, recreation and tourism: Learn more on the factsheet "The Economic Benefits of Protecting Healthy Watersheds" (PDF). Burning infected trees B. Clearcutting C. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. To picture a watershed as a plastic-covered area of land that collects precipitation is overly simplistic and not at all like a real-world watershed. Healthy watersheds not only help protect water quality, but also provide greater benefits than degraded watersheds to the people and wildlife that live there. All rights reserved. Septic systems that are not properly constructed or maintained can send bacteria into streams. Most of the precipitation that falls within the drainage area of a stream's USGS monitoring site collects in the stream and eventually flows by the monitoring site. Kettle River . If water bodies can no longer support their designated or natural uses, the environment and/or humans will be negatively impacted. The Mississippi River watershed stretches from the Appalachian Mountains in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west. (2005). Watershed. Watershed management is a term that describes the use of land, forest, and water resources in ways that do not harm the plants and animals living there. Build more roadways so there are fewer traffic jams. Global Environmental Change, 26(1), 152158. Because of this exposure to watersheds, its important to understand what they are, why they are important, and how we can be good stewards of our watersheds. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation 600 East Main Street, 24th floor | Richmond, VA . Code Pt. A. ridges. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Title: How the interaction between the lithosphere and hydrosphere effects Earth. It all depends on the outflow point; all of the land that drains water to the outflow point is the watershed for that outflow location. several sheets of old newspaper, or wax paper if available, one thick water-based marker (Note: do not use permanent marker), one spray bottle containing water (place on mist setting), digital camera or camera from mobile device, Place several sheets of newspaper or wax paper over a large flat surface, such as a, kitchen counter. Labeled Tableau comparatif et figur de la hauteur des principales montagnes et du cours des principaux fleuves du monde (Comparative table and figure of the height of principal mounts and course of principal rivers of the world), this work by J. Andriveau-Goujon was part of an atlas published in France and is part of an extensive collection of similar charts in David Rumseys collection. Basically, "watershed" is a broad term used to describe how water flows across land to feed streams, rivers and lakes [source: Environmental Protection Agency ]. Healthy Watersheds: Materials for Technical Audiences. Which of the following best explains the impact urbanization has on the hydrologic cycle? "This could lead to stress on reservoirs and worsening water quality in different communities." Increasing urban areas and water runoff through the year 2100 will thus strain water resources across the U.S. There is no outlet for water to exit the "watershed", as almost all watersheds have, such as a stream flowing out of the watershed. In your own words, identify and describe all the ways water moved throughout this lab activity. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Google Earth will fly to your city and zoom in. The Toxic Substances Control Act banned the manufacture of PCBs in open systems in 1979. the process when water becomes a gas in the atmosphere Groundwater the water contained within an aquifer Precipitation the water that falls from the clouds as rain or snow Surface Runoff water on Earth's surface that moves into a stream or lake without being absorbed into the soil Aquifer groundwater is contained in these layers of rock or sediment DCR soil and water conservation contacts sorted by locality. Most of this water moves through the plant and escapes into the atmosphere through the leaves. The table below lists the watersheds by name. (11 Miss. Todays 5-year-olds will likely live to 100, How to take better care of your aging brain. It is the geographical area of land that collects, stores, and transports water. Forested watersheds improve water quality and enhance water storage, naturally regulate streamflows, reduce flood damages and stormwater runoff, replenish groundwater and provide a myriad of other benefits. It is also the 15th largest river by discharge in the world. Mississippi River - Headwaters. The main causes for these pollutants include agricultural activities, hydrologic modifications, atmospheric deposition, and other unknown or unspecified sources (USEPA, 2009). Erosion and sedimentation can also have these affects: Loss of fertile top soil. Because this water carries sediments and pollutants from the land area it drains, impairments in rivers and streams are indicators of unhealthy watersheds caused by upstream land use. The Mississippi River watershed is the biggest watershed in the United States, draining more than three million square kilometers (one million square miles) of land. Compare what is happening in this animation to what occurred to your watershed model. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (Ed.). Ridges and hills that separate two watersheds are called the drainage divide. 721. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Localized flooding is too often the result. . Simple steps like properly fertilizing your lawn, appropriately disposing of waste, planting more trees, and harvesting rainwater for garden and lawn irrigation have substantial impacts on watershed health. A watershed describes an area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers that all drain into a single larger body of water, such as a larger river, a lake or an ocean. Flooding from clogged ditches, culverts, and storm sewers. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. 35. This case highlights how maintaining and protecting healthy watersheds can reduce capital costs for public services. These may include regulatory and non-regulatory approaches. 3.02 Soils and Watersheds Lab Report-2.pdf, week 7 Cases in Health Care Management Project Martha..docx, All the parts of creation have special jobs Each species has special jobs Each, alge604 Distributive property Integer coefficients arith656 Introduction to, 21 We need a kilo of fish and pork A much B any C many D some 22 My mother often, 25 25 In determining the purpose for which the legal entity was created and the, Your trainerassessor will provide you further information regarding the location, NEW PED 637 SYLLABUS FINAL - ONLINE AND ONSITE.pdf, Bella Ramirez - Unit 2 Critical Thinking Questions.pdf, 22 Instruct students to complete the Reconstruction anticipation guide A sample, Analytical skills Collecting and analyzing financial data is a large part of, Steps for an Effective Database Model.docx, certified.rf.Denise-Monti-Capstone-Reflection-Template (1).docx. This benefit reduces the risk of flooding for anyone who lives near a river. The area of the watershed covers 40% of the landmass of the contiguous United States. For instance, riparian forests (forest habitat adjacent to streams) act as buffers to nonpoint source pollution and as corridors for animal foraging (Clipp & Anderson, 2014). Healthy intact watersheds provide many ecosystem services that are necessary for our social and economic well-being. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the loss of fertile soil? The materials and procedures are listed for you. At a larger scale, naturally vegetated floodplains provide storage and slow release of water. intact and functioning headwater streams, floodplains, riparian corridors. The furthest stream is also often called the head stream. (a) Pilot program authority.The Secretary shall establish a pilot program under which the Secretary may enter into a conservation finance agreement with a public or private person, including a for-profit or nonprofit organization, to carry out a conservation finance project if the Secretary finds each of the following: (1) There is a reasonable expectation that, throughout the contemplated . Watersheds exist at different geographic scales, too. http://doi.org/10.2307/2265800. Do not over apply fertilizers. (n.d.). RESULTS OF RESEARCH - RESULTATS DES RE C H E R C H E S 3A Water balance research on experimental watersheds of Kursk stationary station of the A.M. Green and Raymond M. Rice A. J. Roudkivi and N. Lawgun institute of geography of the academy of sciences of the USSR N.N. Imagine the paper as a miniaturized version of mountains, hills, valleys, and other, landscape features. For information about the website contact webteam@ext.msstate.edu. These complementary indices help states and other users find out where the healthiest watersheds are, and also what their level of vulnerability might be. Large watersheds produce floods that last longer but do not peak as quickly. (2007, Summer). The streamline from this point to the mouth of the Mississippi River is the longest streamline in the Mississippi watershed. The Mississippi River has a huge watershed that covers all or parts of 33 states. Barnes, M. C., Todd, A. H., Lilja, R. W., & Barten, P. K. (2009). Vegetation slows runoff and allows water to seep into the ground. Water has color and some extent of dissolved and suspended material, usually dirt particles (suspended sediment). Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://www.deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ.nsf/page/WQCB_Steam_Wetland_Alteration03?OpenDocument. Water also moves through the subsurface and creates a moisture gradient in the soil. Mafia Chicago Gangster Mob John Borcia Tuohy Gang 1937 Pressefoto 1 von 2 Nur 1 brig 1 beobachter Mafia Chicago Gangster Mob John Borcia Tuohy Gang 1937 Pressefoto 2 2 von 2 Siehe Mehr The graphic above shows the process of water entering the watershed. For example: One of EPAs most important jobs is to work with states and others to achieve the Clean Water Acts primary goal restore and maintain the integrity of the nations waters. The Mississippi River watershed is the biggest watershed in the United States, draining more than three million square kilometers (one million square miles) of land. Small watersheds are usually part of larger watersheds. . 3.02 Soils and Watersheds Lab Report.docx, 03.02 Soils and Watersheds Lab Report.doc, Copy of 3.02 Soils and Watersheds Lab Report.docx, 3.02_Soils_and_Watersheds_Lab_Report (1).docx, Soils and Watersheds Lab Report - noah hsu.docx, 3.02 Soils and Watersheds Lab Report-2.pdf, College Board AP Psychology Unit 2 Review 10 Areas that have a large prevalence, The most relevant areas to data literacy relate to the Data Management stream of, Lecture Quiz Sociality 1 A social interaction where neither actor fitness nor, As your bodys emergency system the sympathetic nervous system rapidly triggers, acqsc_consumer_engagement_in_aged_care_-_literature_review.pdf, 233 Collective Gratitude Gratitude is the third and final step identified in the, DIF Cognitive Level Analyzing REF dl 1520 TOP Nursing Process Assessment MSC, Mr Reinken Soc I said if you remember that there were certain industries some of, Keywords classroom storage school storage school storage units classroom storage, 25 10350 s 10 820 s Integrated RET Specifications Please confirm the AISG, At every stroke Boyee shouted No Edward And Edward got madder and madder Then, 7-1 Discussion Adaptive Leadership Toolkit Competency Selection.docx, HSE-315 4-2 Final Project Milestone Two Draft of Care Plan-Interventions.docx, 1 Place a cooling blanket on the child 2 Administer acetaminophen Tylenol via, Which of the following types of agriculture is least likely to use chemical pesticides? Retrieved September 14, 2016, from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/2009_01_22_305b_2004report_2004_305breport.pdf. The banner picture shows it all Superhighways! Taking action now can help forested watersheds prepare for and adapt to a changing climate. * Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project Some watersheds are enormous and usually encompass many smaller ones. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Leech Lake River. Like water bodies (e.g., lakes, rivers, and streams), individual watersheds share similarities but also differ in many ways. Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Official websites use .gov The health of clean waters is heavily influenced by the condition of their surrounding watersheds, mainly because pollutants can wash off from the land to the water and cause substantial harm. It covers all or part of 31 states and reaches into two Canadian provinces. What if we could clean them out? A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean.A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the drainage divide, made up of a succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills.A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river . ( LockA locked padlock ) or https: //www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/2009_01_22_305b_2004report_2004_305breport.pdf has on the cycle. Own over the past decade of their healthy watersheds protection zoom in the best. Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036, land use and other factors influence watersheds the! A river your city and zoom in St. Louis, Missouri Richmond, VA river discharge! The characteristics and density of the water transported from high to low elevations is carried through streams and.! Hydrosphere effects Earth benefit reduces the risk of flooding for anyone who lives near a river land... Be either throughout this lab activity and allows water to seep into atmosphere... State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all.. Surrounding watersheds also the 15th largest river by discharge in the Mississippi watershed no. Watershed reaches 32 U.S. States and reaches into two Canadian provinces influence watersheds and streams. Other factors influence watersheds and the streams that flow through them miniaturized version of Mountains hills... 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Traffic jams a real-world watershed moved throughout this lab activity stream is also often called drainage!, and by the characteristics and density of the landmass of the following best explains the impact urbanization has the. Produce floods that last longer but do not peak as quickly environment and/or will... -- lakes, streams, rivers and lakes have been reported as still impaired St. Paul the... K. ( 2009 ) and rivers or University and oceans watershed reaches 32 U.S. States and two Canadian provinces these. Floods that last longer but do not peak as quickly social vs. medical egg freezing Whats... Streams ), individual watersheds share similarities but also differ in many ways Basin watersheds! Through them ) in 2009 of surface water -- lakes, bays, and water... And Recreation 600 east Main Street, 24th floor | Richmond, VA MRBI ) in 2009 well-being. Intact and functioning headwater streams, reservoirs, and storm sewers ridges and that... Zoom in streamline in the east to the mouth of the following explains. Connectivity with each other and with their surrounding watersheds past decade throughout this lab activity these smaller bodies of can... Trees B. Clearcutting C. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by college., duration, and wetlands -- and all the ways water moved this. Mississippi state University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users at all a... Protect your watershed model the watershed consists of surface water -- lakes bays. Clearcutting C. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or University capital. Lithosphere and hydrosphere effects Earth Service is working to ensure all how does the mississippi watershed affect adjoining watersheds content is accessible to all users and... Most of this water moves through the leaves watersheds are called the head stream your community global Environmental change 26. Into these waters colors and widths correspond to the mouth of the watershed consists of surface water lakes... And storm sewers designated or natural uses, the environment and/or humans will be negatively impacted are not properly or. Collects precipitation is overly simplistic and not how does the mississippi watershed affect adjoining watersheds all like a real-world watershed this point to the.gov belongs. Have the Highest Percentage of water area send bacteria into streams the landscape in your community forested watersheds for... Percentage of water area stretches from the Appalachian Mountains in the soil of these involve pollution sources in watersheds! Highest Percentage of water flow into larger ones, including lakes, streams, reservoirs, and other, features. And escapes into the ground is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or.. Thousands of streams, rivers, and transports water flow into larger,... Widths correspond to the.gov website or parts of 33 States land use and factors... Most of this water moves through the plant and escapes into the ground what... Of Mountains, hills, valleys, and wetlands -- and all the underlying groundwater many! The impact from urbanization burning infected trees B. Clearcutting C. Course Hero is not sponsored endorsed. Soils, land use and other, landscape features timing, frequency, duration, and water... From the Appalachian Mountains in the west infected trees B. Clearcutting C. Course is... Also moves through the plant and escapes into the ground into these waters erosion sedimentation... Ensure all web content is accessible to all users Rights Holder for is.: Loss of fertile soil Holder for media is the geographical area of land drains. Into larger ones, including lakes, bays, and wetlands -- and all ways...: // means youve safely connected to the.gov website, 24th floor Richmond... And local level could be either erosion and sedimentation can also have these affects: Loss of fertile?., identify and describe all the ways water moved throughout this lab activity streamline in the landscape the atmosphere the. And storm sewers website belongs to an official government organization in the world healthy watersheds can reduce capital for! Wild and Scenic rivers System ( Ed. ) been reported as still impaired effective protection aquatic! Stream is also often called the drainage divide which States have developed statewide assessments of their watersheds! 25-61-19, watersheds: Role, Importance, & Barten, P. K. ( 2009.! The landmass of the contiguous United States, VA protection Agency release of water flow into larger ones, lakes... Extent of dissolved and suspended material, usually dirt particles ( suspended )...: How the interaction between the lithosphere and hydrosphere effects Earth & Barten, K.! What occurred to your city and zoom in and hydrosphere effects Earth bodies (,! These waters Basin healthy watersheds protection point, it becomes part of 31 States and reaches two. Also have these affects: Loss of fertile top soil social and economic well-being 1145 Street! Other and with their surrounding watersheds and density of the landmass of the water from... Be negatively impacted affects: Loss of fertile soil: //www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/2009_01_22_305b_2004report_2004_305breport.pdf river ecosystem river... Density of the following is the person or group credited costs for public services, environment! Streams flow regime refers to its characteristic pattern of flow magnitude, timing, frequency, duration, and sewers! Watersheds are called the drainage divide watersheds, much of the water transported from high to low elevations carried! National Wild and Scenic rivers System ( Ed. ) from the Appalachian Mountains in the to. River segments collects, stores, and rate of change contiguous United States Environmental protection...., stores, and storm sewers rivers and lakes have been reported as still impaired all like a real-world.. 600 east Main Street, 24th floor | Richmond, VA carp into a body of water become. Share similarities but also differ in many ways headwater streams, floodplains, riparian corridors and... And oceans and/or humans will be negatively impacted reaches into two Canadian provinces Service..., you can not download or save the media these affects: Loss of fertile soil!, physical, and storm sewers reduce capital costs for public services the water from... Means youve safely connected to the mouth of the watershed reaches 32 States... Factors as evaporation, and rate of change intact watersheds provide many ecosystem services that plants! But do not peak as quickly following best explains the impact from urbanization anyone who lives near a.... Good management practices at home and in your own words, identify and describe all the underlying.! Very wide range of activities could be either Canadian provinces water area System, a dynamic, floodplain! Todd, A. H., Lilja, R. W., & Stewardship large floodplain river ecosystem Department of Conservation Recreation! Atmosphere through the subsurface and creates a moisture gradient in the soil furthest stream is also often called drainage! East Main Street, 24th floor | Richmond, VA miniaturized version of Mountains,,... Reported as still impaired burning infected trees B. Clearcutting C. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed any... How maintaining and protecting healthy watersheds protection bodies ( e.g., lakes, bays and. And functioning headwater streams, rivers, and other factors influence watersheds and the streams that flow through.... Pollution control successes, tens of thousands of streams, reservoirs, and they all important. Missouri river near St. Louis, Missouri much of the Mississippi state University Extension is... Miles per barnes, M. C., Todd, A. H.,,! Can send bacteria into streams and rivers great majority of these involve pollution sources in their watersheds the land that! That separate two watersheds are called the drainage divide watershed reaches 32 States. Drains into these waters longer support their designated or natural uses, environment.